Table 5 T-test matrix for each item of the DUREL and BMAAS. Dependent variable: “Religion”

How often do you attend mosque/church or other religious meetings? (DUREL)

3.38

4.46

−3.37

< 0.001*

−0.58

How often do you spend time in private religious activities, such as prayer, or Scripture study? (DUREL)

4.83

3.4

6.71

< 0.001*

1.16

In my life, I experience the presence of the Divine (i.e., God) (DUREL)

4.97

4.46

9.17

< 0.001*

1.58

My religious beliefs are what really lie behind my whole approach to life (DUREL)

4.57

4.26

1.93

0.05

0.33

I try hard to carry my religion over into all other dealings in life (DUREL)

4.87

4.31

7.01

< 0.001*

1.21

It is morally wrong to hunt wild animals for sport (BMAAS)

3.14

3.20

−0.21

0.83

−0.04

I do not think that there is anything wrong with using animals in medical research (BMAAS)

2.50

2.26

1.03

0.30

0.18

I think it is perfectly acceptable for cattle and sheep to be raised for human consumption (BMAAS)

1.48

1.80

−1.99

0.05

−0.34

Basically, humans have the right to use animals as we see fit (BMAAS)

3.87

3.49

1.65

0.10

0.29

The slaughter of whales and dolphins should be immediately stopped even if it means some people will be put out of work (BMAAS)

3.52

3.83

−1.27

0.20

−0.22

I sometimes get upset when I see wild animals in cages at zoos (BMAAS)

3.56

3.71

−0.67

0.51

−0.12

Breeding animals for their skins is a legitimate use of animals (BMAAS)

2.86

2.54

1.26

0.21

0.22

Some aspects of biology can only be learned through dissecting preserved animals such as cats (BMAAS)

2.94

2.40

2.19

0.03

0.38

It is unethical to breed purebred cats when millions of cats are killed in animal shelters each year (BMAAS)

3.25

3.69

−1.57

0.12

−0.27

The use of animals such as rabbits for testing the safety of cosmetics and household products is unnecessary and should be stopped (BMAAS)

3.60

3.97

−1.46

0.15

−0.25