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Table 1 Examples of the legal acceptance of eIC in the context of clinical research participation

From: Personalized and long-term electronic informed consent in clinical research: stakeholder views

European country

Is it legally allowed to use eIC in clinical research?

Austria

eIC can be used in clinical trials [15]

Belgium

A guidance document was developed by a working group on IC, specifying the needs and restrictions when using eIC in interventional clinical trials [16]

The Netherlands

The Netherlands allow only a paper-based signature. Nevertheless, the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act is currently under revision to include the use of electronic signatures [17]

The United Kingdom

The Health Research Authority and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency published a joint statement on the use of eIC in clinical research [18]