Table 1 Themes and key messages

1

Religious principles and rules

Religious practices are a way of life in the Pakistani culture

Prayer times should be respected, particularly Jummah (Friday) prayers. Men in particular go to the mosque to pray

Imams and other religious scholars are held in high esteem in their communities. Building rapport with these religious leaders would help

2

Concept of autonomy and privacy

The notion of ‘shared decision making’ translates into the whole family being involved in deciding on what care should be given to the patient

3

Notion of respect and trust

Segregation between genders is expected and respect for female family members, stems from the religious and traditional belief to protect the family

Strong family loyalties and ties are based on the religious belief that looking after one’s own comes over and above any other relationships

4

Cultural differences (etiquette)

Making eye contact and shaking hands across genders and age have different meaning

5

Custom and tradition (gift giving and hospitality)

Love and respect are expressed by giving gifts and offering food and drink to visitors

Researchers from HIC may find this overwhelming. Saying no gently and politely would ensure people’s feelings are not hurt