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Table 7 Answers to question 8. “How does your institution define “serious harm” as outlined in paragraph 32 of the Declaration of Helsinki for a patient which would restrict the use of placebo?”

From: Ethical principles and placebo-controlled trials – interpretation and implementation of the Declaration of Helsinki’s placebo paragraph in medical research

Definition of serious harm

Country

Persistent or significant disability/incapacity

Armenia, Botswana, Germany, Ghana, Japan, Latvia, Malaysia, Namibia, Republic of Belarus, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, The EU, The Netherlands, USA

Life-threatening events

Botswana, Cuba, Czech Republic, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, Israel, Namibia, Republic of Belarus, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, The EU

Death

Botswana, Ghana, Namibia, Republic of Belarus, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, The EU, USA

Inpatient hospitalization or causes prolongation of existing hospitalization

Germany, Ghana, Namibia, Saudi Arabia, The EU, United Arab Emirates

Congenital anomaly/birth defect

Germany, Ghana, Namibia, Saudi Arabia,

Requires intervention to prevent permanent impairment or damage

Saudi Arabia, The EU

Maintenance therapy for schizophrenic patients

Hungary