Table 2 Main characteristics of studies
From: Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review
| Studies (N = 42) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Method | ||
| Assumption method | 25 [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41, 43, 58, 59, 61, 63,64,65,66] | |
| Implicit measure | 17 [20,21,22,23,24, 42, 44,45,46,47,48,49,50, 60, 62, 67, 68] | |
| Implicit measure - IAT | 15 [22,23,24, 42, 44,45,46,47,48,49,50, 60, 62, 67, 68] | |
| (of which: IAT combined with behaviour or decision) | 9 [23, 24, 42, 44,45,46,47,48, 67] | |
| Implicit measure - Subliminal priming | 2 [20, 21] | |
| Setting and type of test | ||
| IAT – implicit prejudice | 15 [22,23,24, 42, 44,45,46,47,48,49,50, 60, 62, 67, 68] | |
| IAT – implicit stereotype | 5 [23, 45,46,47, 50] | |
| IAT – standard | 13 [22,23,24, 42, 44,45,46,47, 50, 60, 62, 67, 68] | |
| IAT – Single Category | 2 [48, 49] | |
| IAT – uncontrolled setting | 10 [22, 23, 42, 45,46,47, 50, 60, 62, 67] | |
| IAT - controlled laboratory setting | 3 [48, 49, 68] | |
| IAT – setting unspecified | 2 [24, 44] | |
| Assumption method – video vignette with oral questions | 10 [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36] | |
| Assumption method – written texts | 11 [25, 26, 40, 43, 58, 59, 61, 63,64,65,66] | |
| (of which: photos in addition) | 1 [43] | |
| Assumption method – video vignette with written questions | 3 [37,38,39] | |
| Assumption method – simulations of encounters with patients and role-play | 1 [41] | |
| Assumption method – controlled setting | 16 [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39, 41, 58, 63] | |
| Assumption method – uncontrolled setting | 8 [25, 26, 40, 43, 61, 64,65,66] | |
| Assumption method – setting unspecified | 1 [59] | |
| Bias(es) studied | ||
| Racial/ethnic | 27 [20,21,22,23,24, 27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41, 43,44,45,46,47, 67] | |
| Multiple | 14 [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39, 66] | |
| Gender | 14 [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38, 63, 66] | |
| Socio-economic status (SES) | 11 [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36, 39] | |
| Age | 11 [25, 27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36] | |
| Mental illness | 4 [26, 42, 64, 65] | |
| Weight | 3 [50, 60, 68] | |
| Brain-injured patients perceived to have contributed to their injury | 2 [58, 59] | |
| Intravenous drug users | 2 [48, 49] | |
| Disability | 1 [62] | |
| AIDS patients | 1 [61] | |
| Social circumstances (desiring an active lifestyle, having a demanding career, having family demands) | 1 [66] | |
| Country of study | ||
| US | 27 [20,21,22,23,24, 27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41, 43,44,45,46,47, 62, 66] | |
| UK | 8 [26,27,28,29, 31, 32, 58, 59] | |
| Compared countries (US, UK and Germany) | 4 [27,28,29, 31] | |
| Worldwide | 3 [42, 60, 67] | |
| France | 2 [25, 65] | |
| Australia | 2 [48, 49] | |
| Germany | 2 [29, 31] | |
| Canada | 2 [50, 68] | |
| Israel | 1 [63] | |
| Hong Kong | 1 [64] | |
| China | 1 [61] | |
| Participants (N = 15148) | ||
| Profession of participants | ||
| Physicians | 12156 | |
| Nurses | 740 | |
| Either physicians or nurses | 1404 | |
| ‘Clinicians’, or ‘mental health professionals’ (at least some of whom were nurses and physicians) | 834 | |
| Psychologists | 12 | |
| Medical Students | 2 | |