Table 1 Ethical goals of community engagement (listed chronologically by publication date)

Weijer and Emanuel, 2000 [20]

 Protect communities in research

Emanuel et al., 2004 [9]

 Minimize the possibility of exploitation

 Increase the likelihood that the research will have a long-term impact

 Demonstrate an awareness of and respect for cultural differences between the researchers, sponsors and communities

 Respect for recruited participants and study populations

Dickert and Sugarman, 2005 [21]

 Enhance protections for communities

 Enhance benefits for communities

 Enhance legitimacy for the research

 Partners share responsibility for the conduct of the research

Nuffield Council of Bioethics, 2005 [53]

 Enhance respect for communities

 Tailor research to better meet the needs of communities

Tindana et al., 2007 [6]

 Ensure the relevance of research

 Assess whether relevant research is culturally and practically acceptable in the context it is intended

 Ensure that community disruption is minimized, i.e., avoiding the displacement of local medical staff from pressing local needs

 Avoid exploitation, by ensuring a fair distribution of the benefits of research

 Take into account the ethical hazards that may be part of the social, economic, and political landscape of the community

Ahmed and Palermo, 2010 (COPR) [1]

 Communities and investigators share power and responsibility equitably

 Diverse perspectives and populations are included in an equitable manner

 The research project results in mutual benefit for all partners

 All partners receive equal respect

UNAIDS and AVAC, 2011 [14]

 Ensure the ethical and scientific quality and outcome of proposed research

 Ensure relevance of research to the affected community

 Ensure acceptance of research by the affected community

Participants in the Community Engagement Consent Workshop, Kilifi Kenya [11]

 Support research that is respectful to individuals and communities where social value is maximized

Critical Path to TB Drug Regimens, 2012 [15]

 Ensure that disparities and inequalities are not inadvertently replicated or reinforced

 Ensure that power dynamics do not disadvantage some stakeholders more than others (minimize the threat of exploitation)

 Ensure that the burden associated with TB drug trials is fully apprehended and protocols are adjusted to minimize the burden

 Prioritize the management of stigma and involuntary isolation

 Ensure emerging challenges are addressed in the new era of TB drug trials

King, et al., 2014 [24]

 Identifying and managing non-obvious risks and benefits

 Expanding respect beyond the individual to the stakeholder community

 Building legitimacy for the research project