Table 1 Ethical goals of community engagement (listed chronologically by publication date)
From: Evaluating community engagement in global health research: the need for metrics
| Weijer and Emanuel, 2000 [20] |
| Protect communities in research |
| Emanuel et al., 2004 [9] |
| Minimize the possibility of exploitation |
| Increase the likelihood that the research will have a long-term impact |
| Demonstrate an awareness of and respect for cultural differences between the researchers, sponsors and communities |
| Respect for recruited participants and study populations |
| Dickert and Sugarman, 2005 [21] |
| Enhance protections for communities |
| Enhance benefits for communities |
| Enhance legitimacy for the research |
| Partners share responsibility for the conduct of the research |
| Nuffield Council of Bioethics, 2005 [53] |
| Enhance respect for communities |
| Tailor research to better meet the needs of communities |
| Tindana et al., 2007 [6] |
| Ensure the relevance of research |
| Assess whether relevant research is culturally and practically acceptable in the context it is intended |
| Ensure that community disruption is minimized, i.e., avoiding the displacement of local medical staff from pressing local needs |
| Avoid exploitation, by ensuring a fair distribution of the benefits of research |
| Take into account the ethical hazards that may be part of the social, economic, and political landscape of the community |
| Ahmed and Palermo, 2010 (COPR) [1] |
| Communities and investigators share power and responsibility equitably |
| Diverse perspectives and populations are included in an equitable manner |
| The research project results in mutual benefit for all partners |
| All partners receive equal respect |
| UNAIDS and AVAC, 2011 [14] |
| Ensure the ethical and scientific quality and outcome of proposed research |
| Ensure relevance of research to the affected community |
| Ensure acceptance of research by the affected community |
| Participants in the Community Engagement Consent Workshop, Kilifi Kenya [11] |
| Support research that is respectful to individuals and communities where social value is maximized |
| Critical Path to TB Drug Regimens, 2012 [15] |
| Ensure that disparities and inequalities are not inadvertently replicated or reinforced |
| Ensure that power dynamics do not disadvantage some stakeholders more than others (minimize the threat of exploitation) |
| Ensure that the burden associated with TB drug trials is fully apprehended and protocols are adjusted to minimize the burden |
| Prioritize the management of stigma and involuntary isolation |
| Ensure emerging challenges are addressed in the new era of TB drug trials |
| King, et al., 2014 [24] |
| Identifying and managing non-obvious risks and benefits |
| Expanding respect beyond the individual to the stakeholder community |
| Building legitimacy for the research project |
