Table 3 Benefits provided by specific studies (beyond standard of care locally)

Perfusion study (PS)

· Hourly monitoring of patient, potentially leading to more prompt identification and treatment of other acute illnesses

· Additional emergency and triage training (ETAT) for all study staff on high dependency unit (HDU)

· Fare for follow-up on days 28 and 60 after discharge

· 100$ shillings for lunch on days 28 and 60 day follow-up visits

· Lab and clinical equipment support to health facilities

· Participants do not queue at hospital when sick between follow-ups

· Potentially more rapid referral to provincial referral hospital

TB study

· Free management of TB, contact-tracing and management of infected adults

· Enhancing diagnostic and laboratory capacity of clinic

· Fare for follow up as determined by clinicians

· None

Malaria Vaccine (MV)

· Free treatment of all acute infections including payment of hospital bills

· Physical upgrading of dispensaries in which trial is taking place, and laboratory clinical support including provision of vaccines where necessary

· Fares or lifts in KEMRI cars to hospital for medical care

· Refurbishment of facilities

· Regular screening of children for anaemia, de-worming

· KEMRI cars also help in times of emergencies

· Referral of chronic illnesses and those that cannot be handled at the facility

· Resuscitation equipment for use by all dispensary patients

· Uninterrupted access to EPI & rabies vaccines, and Hep B even in cases of MOH stock-outs

· Study personnel man facility when MOH staff are away

Immunology (Immuno)

· Weekly testing of children for fevers

· Study personnel man facility when MOH staff are away

· KEMRI cars or taxis sent to take sick participants to hospital (day/night respectively)

· Milk, bread for children during annual bleeds.

· Prompt, timely treatment of all acute illnesses

· Notebooks and pens for the children

· Disease surveillance for the Ministry of Health

· Referral of chronic cases to government facilities

RSV 1

· Free treatment of all acute infections

· Lab and clinical equipment support to health facilities

· N/A (participants came to facility for own reasons)

· Sweets for children

· Antibiotics and gloves supply for community facilities

· Disease surveillance for the Ministry of Health

RSV 2

· Free examinations, medical treatment of all acute infections

· Fares to hospital for treatment

· None

· All medical bills settled by the study

HIV

· Free screening & treatment for STI’s, HIV tests even in the absence of symptoms

· Access to services without stigma as a result of careful training of all staff

· 600 ($1.30) shillings fares provided at a flat rate

· Free lubricants

· Food tickets for those on ARVs and the very poor

· ART started at earliest possible time

· HIV disease monitoring and support counselling

· Free condoms and Hep B vaccines

· Provision of vaccines e.g. rabies and Hep B