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Table 1 Type of goods

From: Ownership of individual-level health data, data sharing, and data governance

 

Private goods

Club goods

Common-pool resources

Public goods

Excludability

This means that a certain thing (good) is mine I am in a position to exclude others from using it. For instance, I hold onto my pencil and do not allow others to use it. But I cannot appropriate sunny weather just for myself. Sunny weather is a non-excludable good

Yes

Yes

No

No

Rivalry/Subtractability

This means that when I use a thing, I am taking a part of that thing from others. When I eat a berry there are fewer berries for others. But when I enjoy safe traffic in my city I do not diminish the pool of safety for others. Safe traffic is a non-rivalrous good

Yes

No

Yes

No

Example

A pencil

A membership- based botanical garden

Berries in the public woods

Public security