Table 1 Action research method and appendix [14]

Step (1): Design

→ State-of-the-art knowledge (= refusal rates, refusal characteristics, general population, cancer population)

→ Research problem & strategy (= main bioethical issues & qualitative approach)

Step (2): Operationalization

→ Target population(s) (= 29 cancer patients, 5 oncologists)

→ Methods of data collection & analysis (= questionnaires, non-directed interviews, semi-directed interviews & analysis of content)

Step (3): Data collection & preparation

→ Data collection (= telephone, consultations)

→ Data preparation (= Excel files, Word files, SAS v. 9.4 software)

Step (4): Data analysis & interpretation

→ Data analysis (= initial refusal rate: 5.6% i.e. 29/522 → final refusal rate: 1.9% i.e. 10/522)

→ Data interpretation (= vaccination policy, mandatory vaccination, collective versus individual scales, emergency MTM)