1 | Equity [43] | Fairness [14] | 49 | British Medical Association, 2020 [90] |
Equality [4] | Chisholm, 2020 [91] | |||
Antidiscrimination, Non-discriminatory [3] | ||||
Fair distribution [1] | ||||
Legitimacy [1] | ||||
Justice as fairness [1] | ||||
2 | Reciprocity [24] | Mutual exchange [1] | 24 | Berlinger, 2020 [92] |
Society and employers should support and protect | British Medical Association, 2020 [90] | |||
those who take on increased burden and risk [4] | ||||
Support for those enduring a disproportionate burden during crisis and address/minimise burden [1] | ||||
Obligations to healthcare workers [1] | ||||
Justice-orientated reciprocity [1] | ||||
3 | Transparency [19] | Openness and public accessibility [2] | 21 | British Medical Association, 2020 [90] |
Communication [2] | Scottish Government, 2020 [93] | |||
Publicly defensible [1] | ||||
Justification [1] | ||||
Veracity [1] | ||||
4 | (Social) (Distributive) Justice [17] | Justice as fairness [1] | 18 | White, 2020 [94] |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019 [95] | ||||
5 | Duty to (provide) care [14] | Professional obligation of non-abandonment [1] | 18 | Department of Health Ireland, 2020 [96] |
Professional duty to respond [1] | Gostin, 2020 [97] | |||
Professional responsibility 1] | ||||
Duty to treat [1] | ||||
The obligation of healthcare workers to serve under stressful and risky conditions [1] | ||||
Professional integrity [1] | ||||
6 | Individual Liberty [10] | Liberty [4] | 18 | Gostin, 2020 [97] |
Least restrictive [3] | White 2020 [94] | |||
Autonomy [2] | ||||
Constraints on / restrictions of liberty [3] | ||||
Individual autonomy [1] | ||||
Equal liberty and human rights [1] | ||||
Patient autonomy [1] | ||||
Patient liberty [1] | ||||
Choice, Free-will, Self-determination [1] | ||||
7 | Utility [9] | Efficiency [1] | 10 | Emanuel, 2020 [53] |
Effectiveness [1] | Ram-Tiktin [31], 2017 | |||
Greatest good for the greatest number [1] | ||||
Utilitarian value [1] | ||||
8 | Stewardship [11] | Governance [1] | 13 | Ryus, 2018 [12] |
Duty to steward resources [1] | Ra-Tiktin, 2017 [31] | |||
9 | Trust [9] | Informed and trusted communication [1] | 12 | Gostin, 2020 [97] |
Fidelity [1] | Eyal, 2012 [98] | |||
Honouring Patients’ Trust [1] | ||||
10 | Proportionality [9] | Fair procedures [1] | 10 | Alberta Government, 2016 [99] |
Mariaselvam, 2016 [100] | ||||
11 | Accountability [8] | 8 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019 [95] | |
Ryus, 2018 [101] | ||||
12 | Privacy [5] | 5 | Department of Health, Ireland, 2020 [96] | |
Barnett, 2009 [102] | ||||
13 | Beneficence [4] | Avoid harm, harm reduction, minimising harm [4] | 9 | Gostin, 2020 [97] |
Nonmaleficence [1] | British Medical Association, 2020 [90] | |||
14 | Protection of the Public from Harm [4] | Good preparedness [1] | 6 | Gostin, 2020 [97] |
Protection of individuals at highest risk, meeting societal needs, and promoting social justice [1] | Mariaselvam, 2016 [100] | |||
Ensuring that benefits of relief and rescue activities reach the affected [1] | ||||
15 | Autonomy [4] | 4 | Kukora 2016 [103] | |
Kirby, 2010 [104] | ||||
16 | Solidarity [3] | Mutual responsibility [1] | 4 | Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, 2020 [105] |
Silva, 2012 [67] | ||||
17 | Working together [3] | 3 | British Medical Association, 2020 [90] | |
Scottish Government, 2020 [93] | ||||
18 | Community participation [2] | Community resilience and empowerment [1] | 4 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019 [95] |
Obligations to community [1] | Mariaselvam, 2016 [100] | |||
19 | Responsiveness [2] | Responsiveness to local values [1] | 3 | Mariaselvam, 2016 [100] |
Trotter, 2010 [106] | ||||
20 | Consistency [2] | 2 | Ryus, 2018 [101] | |
Hick, 2012 [107] | ||||
21 | Duty to Plan [1] | Flexibility and adaptability [1] | 2 | British Medical Association, 2020 [90] |
Ryus, 2018 [101] | ||||
22 | Evidence [1] | 1 | Barnett, 2009 [102] | |
23 | Others: related to Social-Community | Respect [2] | (*) | |
Social cohesiveness and collaboration [1] | ||||
Responsive civic response [1] | ||||
Dignity [1] | ||||
Compassion [1] | ||||
24 | Others: related to decision-making processes | Reasonableness [1] | (*) | |
Inclusiveness [1] | ||||
Sustainability (sustainable action and sustainable outcomes) [1] | ||||
Relevance [1] |