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Table 2 Ethical values and principles extracted from included studies

From: Ethical values and principles to guide the fair allocation of resources in response to a pandemic: a rapid systematic review

1

Equity [43]

Fairness [14]

49

British Medical Association, 2020 [90]

  

Equality [4]

 

Chisholm, 2020 [91]

  

Antidiscrimination, Non-discriminatory [3]

  
  

Fair distribution [1]

  
  

Legitimacy [1]

  
  

Justice as fairness [1]

  

2

Reciprocity [24]

Mutual exchange [1]

24

Berlinger, 2020 [92]

  

Society and employers should support and protect

 

British Medical Association, 2020 [90]

  

those who take on increased burden and risk [4]

  
  

Support for those enduring a disproportionate burden during crisis and address/minimise burden [1]

  
  

Obligations to healthcare workers [1]

  
  

Justice-orientated reciprocity [1]

  

3

Transparency [19]

Openness and public accessibility [2]

21

British Medical Association, 2020 [90]

  

Communication [2]

 

Scottish Government, 2020 [93]

  

Publicly defensible [1]

  
  

Justification [1]

  
  

Veracity [1]

  

4

(Social) (Distributive) Justice [17]

Justice as fairness [1]

18

White, 2020 [94]

    

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019 [95]

5

Duty to (provide) care [14]

Professional obligation of non-abandonment [1]

18

Department of Health Ireland, 2020 [96]

  

Professional duty to respond [1]

 

Gostin, 2020 [97]

  

Professional responsibility 1]

  
  

Duty to treat [1]

  
  

The obligation of healthcare workers to serve under stressful and risky conditions [1]

  
  

Professional integrity [1]

  

6

Individual Liberty [10]

Liberty [4]

18

Gostin, 2020 [97]

  

Least restrictive [3]

 

White 2020 [94]

  

Autonomy [2]

  
  

Constraints on / restrictions of liberty [3]

  
  

Individual autonomy [1]

  
  

Equal liberty and human rights [1]

  
  

Patient autonomy [1]

  
  

Patient liberty [1]

  
  

Choice, Free-will, Self-determination [1]

  

7

Utility [9]

Efficiency [1]

10

Emanuel, 2020 [53]

  

Effectiveness [1]

 

Ram-Tiktin [31], 2017

  

Greatest good for the greatest number [1]

  
  

Utilitarian value [1]

  

8

Stewardship [11]

Governance [1]

13

Ryus, 2018 [12]

  

Duty to steward resources [1]

 

Ra-Tiktin, 2017 [31]

9

Trust [9]

Informed and trusted communication [1]

12

Gostin, 2020 [97]

  

Fidelity [1]

 

Eyal, 2012 [98]

  

Honouring Patients’ Trust [1]

  

10

Proportionality [9]

Fair procedures [1]

10

Alberta Government, 2016 [99]

    

Mariaselvam, 2016 [100]

11

Accountability [8]

 

8

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019 [95]

    

Ryus, 2018 [101]

12

Privacy [5]

 

5

Department of Health, Ireland, 2020 [96]

    

Barnett, 2009 [102]

13

Beneficence [4]

Avoid harm, harm reduction, minimising harm [4]

9

Gostin, 2020 [97]

  

Nonmaleficence [1]

 

British Medical Association, 2020 [90]

14

Protection of the Public from Harm [4]

Good preparedness [1]

6

Gostin, 2020 [97]

  

Protection of individuals at highest risk, meeting societal needs, and promoting social justice [1]

 

Mariaselvam, 2016 [100]

  

Ensuring that benefits of relief and rescue activities reach the affected [1]

  

15

Autonomy [4]

 

4

Kukora 2016 [103]

    

Kirby, 2010 [104]

16

Solidarity [3]

Mutual responsibility [1]

4

Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, 2020 [105]

    

Silva, 2012 [67]

17

Working together [3]

 

3

British Medical Association, 2020 [90]

    

Scottish Government, 2020 [93]

18

Community participation [2]

Community resilience and empowerment [1]

4

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019 [95]

  

Obligations to community [1]

 

Mariaselvam, 2016 [100]

19

Responsiveness [2]

Responsiveness to local values [1]

3

Mariaselvam, 2016 [100]

    

Trotter, 2010 [106]

20

Consistency [2]

 

2

Ryus, 2018 [101]

    

Hick, 2012 [107]

21

Duty to Plan [1]

Flexibility and adaptability [1]

2

British Medical Association, 2020 [90]

    

Ryus, 2018 [101]

22

Evidence [1]

 

1

Barnett, 2009 [102]

23

Others: related to Social-Community

Respect [2]

 

(*)

  

Social cohesiveness and collaboration [1]

  
  

Responsive civic response [1]

  
  

Dignity [1]

  
  

Compassion [1]

  

24

Others: related to decision-making processes

Reasonableness [1]

 

(*)

  

Inclusiveness [1]

  
  

Sustainability (sustainable action and sustainable outcomes) [1]

  
  

Relevance [1]

  
  1. (*) The most recent references presented in the table. For full reference list of each entry see Additional File 4