From: A scoping review of considerations and practices for benefit sharing in biobanking
Governance mechanism | Relevant provisions | Articles | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Convention on Biological Diversity | (a) Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising out of their Utilization[51] | Both monetary (e.g. access fees, upfront payment, joint ownership of relevant IP rights) and non-monetary (e.g. sharing of research and development results, collaboration, development programs to build local capacity) benefits ought to be shared | |
(b) The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing [52] | Various provisions on the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of their utilization | |||
2 | UNESCO | (a) Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights[53] | Benefits from advances in biology, genetics and medicine, concerning the human genome, shall be made available to all, with due regard for the dignity and human rights of each individual | |
(b) Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights 2005[54] | Benefits should be shared with society as a whole, within the international community and with developing countries. Such benefits include “special and sustainable assistance to, and acknowledgement of, the persons and groups that have taken part in the research” | |||
3 | HUGO statement on benefit sharing [38] | Undue inducement for human genetic samples through compensation ought to be prohibited | ||
Technology transfer, local training, joint ventures, health care provision, infrastructure provision, payment of expenses, and the use of royalties for humanitarian purposes ought to be encouraged | ||||
1–3% of net profits be donated to local, national and international humanitarian efforts | ||||
4 | The Nuffield Council report on Human Tissue Ethical and Legal Issues [55] | Discussions on the link between commercialization and benefit sharing: i.e. property rights over the actual tissue, claims of entitlement to share in any benefits arising from the exploitation of the tissue and, any consequent intellectual property rights | [45] | |
5 | WHO guidelines | (a) International Guidelines on Ethical Issues in Medical Genetics and Genetic Services [56] | Families or ethnic groups with a particular variant or disease, whose genetic information results in a patent, should receive some benefit in return | |
(b) European partnership on patients’ rights and citizens’ empowerment [57] | Some kind of benefit will ultimately be returned, either to the individual from who the materials were taken, or to the general class of person to which that individual belongs | |||
6 | Council for International Organisations of the Medical Sciences (CIOMS) guidelines[58] | Give priority to direct benefits over indirect benefits | ||
All research in developing countries and sponsored by developed countries, should be of relevance to the developing countries | ||||
7 | OECD Guidelines for Human Biobanks and Genetic Research Databases[59] | Sharing of knowledge is an important benefit to be derived from human biobanks and genetic research databases (HBGRDs) | ||
8 | UN Declaration on Human Rights[60] | Everyone has the right freely to “share in scientific advancement and its benefits” | [46] | |
9 | The Declaration of Helsinki[61] | At the end of any research study, every subject entered in the project should be assured of the best proven prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic methods identified by that study | ||
10 | Governmental laws, policies and regulations | Countries specific laws, policies and regulations including: | ||
(a) Mandating return of benefits to participants and families | ||||
(b) Regulations on proprietary claims in respect of human tissue | ||||
(c) Laws on apportionment of profits or tools for benefit-sharing | ||||
(d) Statutory categories of benefit | ||||
11 | Ethics committees and regulatory bodies | (a) Checking for presence of benefit sharing provisions in protocols | ||
(b) Ensuring communities and individuals are not exploited | ||||
(c) Ensuring commercially exploitable projects make considerations for benefit-sharing | ||||
(d) Approving benefit-sharing proposals presented to them | ||||
(e) Providing guidance on who should provide benefits in order to ensure compliance | ||||
12 | Institutional policies and frameworks for benefit sharing | (a) Intellectual property policies | ||
(b) Information to be included in ICFs | ||||
(c) Requirements for benefit sharing agreements | ||||
(d) Return of results and compensation of participants | ||||
13 | Benefit sharing agreements | Specifies under which conditions benefits are to be shared, which benefits to be shared and proportion of sharing. Can exist at different levels: | ||
(a) International level e.g. conventions between governments and industry players | ||||
(b) Between industry and researchers | ||||
(c) Between biobanks and researchers | ||||
(d) Between/among biobanks | ||||
(e) Between all above players and research participants/specimen donors | ||||
14 | Material transfer agreements (MTAs) | Stipulates ethico‐legal requirements regarding the transfer of human biological materials | [35] |