Fig. 5

Pharmacist-reported perceptions of current OUD treatment efficacy as compared to other medication-managed therapeutic areas (a) and perceived impact of anti-opioid vaccines for OUD treatment (b). Student-reported perceptions of current interventions’ effectiveness in promoting individual outcomes (c) and perceived impact of anti-opioid vaccines for OUD treatment (d). The dotted lines indicate a neutral response. Data plotted as counts (a, b, d) or mean ± SEM (c). Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s: *p < 0.05 vs. overdose prevention; **p < 0.005 vs. overdose prevention