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Table 4 Associations with demographic characteristics of all respondents (OR values were presented)

From: Perceptions of plagiarism by biomedical researchers: an online survey in Europe and China

Question/Statement

Age (a)

Gender (b)

Mother tongue (c)

Current academic position (d)

PhD degree (e)

Year of PhD degree (f)

International research experience (g)

Question 12. Greater threat than data falsification

1.01*

1.44*

4.70(CH)

0.52(E)

√

1.73(N)

 

1.03

Question 13. Greater threat than granting co-authorship

0.99*

0.77

4.65(CH)

√

 

√

1.08

Question 14. Greater threat than submitting to more than one journal

0.98*

0.96

2.66(CH)

  

√

0.97

Question 15. Factors deciding plagiarism

 a. length of the copied text

1.01

0.81

1.42(CH)

 

0.50(CP)

 

1.03

 b. part of the copied text

1.01

0.87

1.68(CH)

0.56(E)

   

1.07

 c. intention to copy without attribution

1.00

0.78

0.64CH)

   

0.88

Question 16. Have been unsure whether oneself is plagiarizing

0.98*

0.91

0.43(CH)

 

2.24(CP)

1.88(N)

 

1.02

Statement 17. Appropriation of others’ text, image and ideas

 a. Copying text from someone else’s publication without crediting the source.

1.00

1.77

0.20(CH)

   

0.59

 b. Copying text from someone else’s publication with crediting the source, but without quotation marks.

0.98*

1.03

0.62(CH)

  

√

0.88

 c. Copying text from someone else’s publication with crediting the source and with quotation marks.

1.00

1.03

    

0.70

 d. Copying an image from someone else’s publication without crediting the source.

0.98

2.05

  

0.32(N)

 

0.56

 e. Using idea(s) from someone else’s publication without crediting the source.

1.00

1.44*

    

1.04

Statement 18. Appropriation of online sources

 a. Copying text from an online source without crediting the source.

0.99

2.03

0.24(CH)

   

1.26

 b. Copying text from an online source that has no list of authors, and without crediting the source.

1.00

0.83

0.58(CH)

1.86(E)

   

1.09

Statement 19. Rephrasing or summarizing another person’s work

 a. Rephrasing another person’s work without crediting the source.

1.00

1.41

    

0.96

 b. Rephrasing text from someone else’s publication without significant modification of the original, but with crediting the source.

1.00

1.37

    

0.99

 c. Summarizing another person’s work without crediting the source.

1.02*

1.55*

0.52(CH)

   

1.31

Statement 20. Text resources of article writing

 a. Paying someone else to write a paper without granting authorship.

0.99

0.90

2.42(CH)

√

1.79(CP)

 

1.17

 b. Having someone else to write a paper for free without granting authorship.

0.99

1.01

2.19(CH)

√

  

1.08

 c. Putting together pieces from different publications, and presenting the result as one’s own work.

1.03*

1.83

    

0.63

 d. When writing a literature review, using the same framework of others’ review, without crediting the source.

1.02*

1.24

0.60(E)

 

0.56(CP)

 

0.87

 e. With permission from the original author, using another’s text without crediting the source.

1.01

1.25

0.70(CH)

   

0.93

Statement 21. Publishing in multiple languages

 a. Republishing others’ work in another language without crediting the source.

0.99

1.98

    

0.60

 b. Republishing one’s own work in another language without crediting the source.

1.01

0.99

0.51(CH)

 

0.56(N)

 

0.89

Statement 22. Reuse of research proposal

 a. Reusing one’s own previously rejected research proposal for another funding application without crediting the source.

0.99

0.94

2.21(CH)

0.34(E)

 

2.08(N)

√

1.08

 b. Reusing a significant portion of one’s own previous publication for a new publication without crediting the source.

1.00

1.54*

  

0.60(N)

 

0.82

Statement 23. Republication of dissertations

 a. One has submitted work as dissertation/thesis, and submits parts of it to a journal afterwards without crediting the source.

1.00

1.07

0.50(CH)

0.58(E)

 

1.71(N)

 

1.22

 b. One has submitted work as dissertation/thesis, and submits a summary of it to a journal afterwards without crediting the source.

1.01

1.20

0.38(CH)

0.62(E)

 

1.92(N)

 

1.35*

  1. (a)(b) * There is association between the response and the demographic factor
  2. (b) “Male” as the reference
  3. (c) “Other” as the reference. “CH” stands for Chinese, and “E” stands for English. Only odds ratios with statistical significance are listed
  4. (d) (f) “√” indicates association between responses to the statement/question and the demographic factor
  5. (e) “PhD” as the reference. “CP” stands for “currently a PhD candidate”, and “N” stands for having no PhD degree. Only odds ratios with statistical significance are listed
  6. (g) “With international research experience of more than 6 months” as the reference
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BMC Medical Ethics

ISSN: 1472-6939

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