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Table 3 Bivariate associations between moral doubt, experience with coercion, ward and professional background with three attitudes towards coercion (n = 379)a

From: Staff’s normative attitudes towards coercion: the role of moral doubt and professional context—a cross-sectional survey study

  

Offending

Care & Security

Treatment

Valid n

B (s.e.)

mean

B (s.e.)

mean

B (s.e.)

mean

Moral doubt in general (1–5)

       

 Reflect upon doing right thing

374

.09 (.03)

.17**

−.04 (.03)

−.08

−.04 (.03)

−.06

 Reflect on own values & norms

377

.03 (.05)

.04

−.06 (.04)

−.08

−.12 (.06)

−.11*

 There is no single answer

376

.08 (.04)

.10~

.03 (.04)

.04

.02 (.05)

.02

Freq. of experiencing coercion (past 12 months)

369

   

**

  

 Never or once

92

 

3.17

 

4.03

 

2.63

 Twice – 8 times

117

 

3.08

 

4.06

 

2.52

 Every month

80

 

3.12

 

4.15

 

2.56

 Every week

59

 

3.09

 

4.32

 

2.66

 Every day

21

 

3.28

 

4.10

 

2.32

Decisional responsibility

       

 no

240

 

3.15

 

4.10

 

2.63

 yes

120

 

3.10

 

4.15

 

2.47*

Freq. of moral doubt about coercion (past 12 months)

368

      

 Never or once

147

 

3.06

 

4.11

 

2.61

 Twice – 8 times

169

 

3.15

 

4.11

 

2.55

  > Once a month

52

 

3.24

 

4.15

 

2.47

Relative moral doubt about coercion

366

 

*

 

*

  

 Doubt less than experience

191

 

3.12

 

4.17

 

2.59

 Doubt equal to experience

138

 

3.14

 

4.11

 

2.52

 Doubt more than experience

37

 

3.38

 

3.93

 

2.54

Hospital and ward type

353

 

*

 

*

 

**

 Hospital 1

       

  Geriatric care

15

 

3.00

 

4.18

 

2.56

 Hospital 2

       

  Acute care

80

 

3.27

 

4.19

 

2.58

  Community care

17

 

3.31

 

4.31

 

2.41

  Youth care

51

 

3.10

 

3.98

 

2.33

  Specialist care

64

 

3.26

 

4.04

 

2.46

 Hospital 3

       

  Acute care

68

 

3.13

 

4.22

 

2.70

  Rehab care

58

 

3.00

 

4.18

 

2.78

Professionb

372

 

**

   

*

 Psychologist

27

 

3.49

 

4.00

 

2.25

 Psychiatrist & related

29

 

3.17

 

4.13

 

2.46

 Nurse & related

221

 

3.18

 

4.15

 

2.58

 Others

95

 

3.08

 

4.10

 

2.67

  1. a ~ =p < .10, * = p < .05, ** = p < .01. For categorical independent variables these indicate an overall p-value for differences amongst all categories
  2. b The group ‘managers’ has been left out of this analyses due to small n (7)