Table 3 Anticipated risks and benefits in the two case studies

Risks

• Mild discomfort during NFS taking.

• Detailed side effects - as is typical of vaccine trials - provided in the study protocol and informed consent,

• Time inconveniences.

• Include severe (such as convulsions, diarrhoea) and mild events (e.g. pain, swelling at vaccination site).

Benefits

For participants:

For participants:

• Free medical care for all common illnesses (such as diarrhoea, fever regardless of cause, acute respiratory illness etc) during study.

• Free health care for all routine illnesses (e.g. pneumonia, diarrhoea, URTI), vaccine related or otherwise, injuries), throughout the study period (about 3 years), and 1^st visit of chronic illnesses (such as sickle cell disease, HIV, epilepsy). This includes:

• Clinical visits to every participating household once a month at home.

• Free referral for specialized treatment where required, all costs at government facilities covered while transport is provided for first visit to non-government facilities;

• Other benefits/token staggered throughout the study period included two chairs to each household, sweets, educational materials and token¹ at end of study.

• All transport to and from the hospital provided by the study team;

• Meals provided for participant and accompanying parents/guardian for all clinic visits;

Community benefits:

Communal benefits:

• Boosting of three health facilities where the study is based; renovation of existing buildings, providing equipment; boosting of health staff, provision of essential drugs,

• Boosting local health services through provision of drugs, additional clinical staff.

• Water treatment for all communal water points.

• Provision of emergency medical aid during cholera epidemic including drugs, staff, referrals.