Paris et al., 2010
|
Y
|
Simplified paper document with systematic readability improvement
|
Patients with stroke, DM, or OSAS
|
Simulated
|
115
|
67
|
69
|
NS
|
|
Y
|
Simplified paper document developed by a working group of clinical research nurse, IRB member, and healthy volunteer
|
Patients with stroke, DM, or OSAS
|
Simulated
|
114
|
67
|
69
|
NS
|
Campbell et al., 2008
|
N
|
Simplified text in booklet format with color. 7th grade reading level
|
Healthy volunteers
|
Simulated
|
146
|
64
|
85
|
<0.001
|
Walters and Hamrell, 2008
|
Y
|
Simplified paper document. 6th grade reading level
|
Healthy volunteers
|
Simulated
|
317
|
77
|
79
|
NS*
|
Paris et al., 2007
|
Y
|
Simplified paper document with systematic readability improvement
|
Healthy volunteers
|
Simulated
|
99
|
78
|
82
|
≤0.05
|
|
Y
|
Simplified paper document developed by a working group of clinical research nurse, IRB member, and healthy volunteer
|
Healthy volunteers
|
Simulated
|
101
|
78
|
83
|
≤0.017
|
|
Y
|
Simplified paper document developed by a working group and by systematic readability improvement
|
Healthy volunteers
|
Simulated
|
100
|
78
|
82
|
≤0.05
|
Campbell et al., 2004
|
Y
|
Simplified paper document with revised layout, text styling, and added pictures
|
Parents of pediatric patients
|
Simulated
|
119
|
47
|
53
|
NS
|
Agre and Rapkin, 2003
|
N
|
Simplified paper document presented in booklet form with summary section. 8th grade reading level
|
Patients with cancer and healthy volunteers
|
Real
|
221
|
69
|
70
|
NS
|
Coyne et al., 2003
|
Y°
|
Simplified paper document with revised text styling, page layout, and language. 7th grade reading level. Organized in Q/A format°
|
Patients with cancer
|
Real
|
207
|
69
|
72
|
NS‡
|
Dresden and Levitt, 2001
|
N
|
Simplified paper document with revised layout, text styling, and language
|
Patients in the E.R.
|
Simulated
|
100
|
72
|
88
|
<0.0001
|
Stiles et al., 2001
|
Y°
|
Simplified paper document with text styling and graphics°
|
Patients with mental illness and healthy volunteers
|
Simulated
|
227
|
81
|
81
|
NS
|
Bjorn et al., 1999
|
N
|
Leaflet used by pharmacology company with revised language, style and layout. Hypertension scenario
|
Healthy volunteers
|
Simulated
|
135
|
48
|
56
|
<.05
|
|
N
|
Leaflet used by pharmacology company with revised language, style and layout. Sterilization scenario
|
Healthy volunteers
|
Simulated
|
100
|
NA
|
NA
|
NS
|
Murphy et al., 1999
|
N
|
Simplified paper document. 6th grade reading level with text styling and illustrations
|
Women at risk for HIV
|
Simulated
|
141
|
70
|
83
|
0.0001
|
Davis et al., 1998
|
Y
|
Revised with patient input, readability improved from college to 7th grade level, shortened, booklet format, graphics
|
Patients and healthy volunteers
|
Simulated
|
183
|
56
|
58
|
NS
|
Rogers et al., 1998
|
Y°
|
Consent required to “opt out” of study, rather than “opt in”°
|
Recent mothers
|
Real
|
44
|
30
|
47
|
<0.02
|
Taub et al., 1987
|
Y
|
Simplified paper document. 7th grade reading level
|
Elderly volunteers
|
Real
|
235
|
68
|
70
|
NS
|
|
N
|
Standard or simplified paper document with “Letter Gothic”, enlarged font
|
Elderly volunteers
|
Real
|
235
|
71
|
65
|
NS*
|
|
N
|
Standard or simplified paper document with “Orator”, enlarged all-caps font
|
Elderly volunteers
|
Real
|
235
|
71
|
70
|
NS
|
Taub et al., 1986
|
Y
|
Simplified paper document. 7th grade reading level
|
Patients with heart disease
|
Real
|
188
|
71
|
74
|
NS
|
Epstein and Lasagna, 1969
|
Y
|
Simplified paper document. Shorter with succinct phrasing
|
Hospital Employees
|
Simulated
|
44
|
45
|
67
|
<.001
|